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Operational Excellence
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- Resources have identified owners
- Processes and procedures have identified owners
- Operations activities have identified owners responsible for their performance
- Team members know what they are responsible for
- Mechanisms exist to identify responsibility and ownership
- Mechanisms exist to request additions, changes, and exceptions
- Responsibilities between teams are predefined or negotiated
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- Executive Sponsorship
- Team members are empowered to take action when outcomes are at risk
- Escalation is encouraged
- Communications are timely, clear, and actionable
- Experimentation is encouraged
- Team members are encouraged to maintain and grow their skill sets
- Resource teams appropriately
- Diverse opinions are encouraged and sought within and across teams
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- Use version control
- Test and validate changes
- Use configuration management systems
- Use build and deployment management systems
- Perform patch management
- Implement practices to improve code quality
- Share design standards
- Use multiple environments
- Make frequent, small, reversible changes
- Fully automate integration and deployment
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- Have a process for continuous improvement
- Perform post-incident analysis
- Implement feedback loops
- Perform knowledge management
- Define drivers for improvement
- Validate insights
- Perform operations metrics reviews
- Document and share lessons learned
- Allocate time to make improvements
- Perform post-incident analysis
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Security
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- Separate workloads using accounts
- Secure account root user and properties
- Identify and validate control objectives
- Keep up-to-date with security recommendations
- Keep up-to-date with security threats
- Identify and prioritize risks using a threat model
- Automate testing and validation of security controls in pipelines
- Evaluate and implement new security services and features regularly
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- Define access requirements
- Grant least privilege access
- Define permission guardrails for your organization
- Manage access based on life cycle
- Establish emergency access process
- Share resources securely within your organization
- Reduce permissions continuously
- Share resources securely with a third party
- Analyze public and cross-account access
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- Perform regular penetration testing
- Deploy software programmatically
- Regularly assess security properties of the pipelines
- Train for Application Security
- Automate testing throughout the development and release lifecycle
- Manual Code Reviews
- Centralize services for packages and dependencies
- Build a program that embeds security ownership in workload teams
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Reliability
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- Be aware of service quotas and constraints in Cloud Services
- Manage service quotas across accounts and Regions
- Accommodate fixed service quotas and constraints through architecture
- Monitor and manage quotas
- Automate quota management
- Ensure sufficient gap between quotas and usage to accommodate failover
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- Use highly available network connectivity for your workload public endpoints
- Provision Redundant Connectivity Between Private Networks in the Cloud and On-Premises Environments
- Ensure IP subnet allocation accounts for expansion and availability
- Prefer hub-and-spoke topologies over many-to-many mesh
- Enforce non-overlapping private IP address ranges in all private address spaces where they are connected
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- Monitor end-to-end tracing of requests through your system
- Conduct reviews regularly
- Analytics
- Automate responses (Real-time processing and alarming)
- Send notifications (Real-time processing and alarming)
- Define and calculate metrics (Aggregation)
- Monitor End-to-End Tracing of Requests Through Your System
- Define and calculate metrics
- Send notifications
- Automate responses
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- Monitor all components of the workload to detect failures
- Fail over to healthy resources
- Automate healing on all layers
- Rely on the data plane and not the control plane during recovery
- Use static stability to prevent bimodal behavior
- Send notifications when events impact availability
- Architect your product to meet availability targets and uptime service level agreements (SLAs)
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Cost Optimization
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- Establish ownership of cost optimization
- Establish a partnership between finance and technology
- Establish cloud budgets and forecasts
- Implement cost awareness in your organizational processes
- Monitor cost proactively
- Keep up-to-date with new service releases
- Quantify business value from cost optimization
- Report and notify on cost optimization
- Create a cost-aware culture
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- Perform cost analysis for different usage over time
- Analyze all components of this workload
- Perform a thorough analysis of each component
- Select components of this workload to optimize cost in line with organization priorities
- Perform cost analysis for different usage over time
- Select software with cost effective licensing
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Performance
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- Learn about and understand available cloud services and features
- Evaluate how trade-offs impact customers and architecture efficiency
- Use guidance from your cloud provider or an appropriate partner to learn about architecture patterns and best practices
- Factor cost into architectural decisions
- Use policies and reference architectures
- Use benchmarking to drive architectural decisions
- Use a data-driven approach for architectural choices
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- Use purpose-built data store that best support your data access and storage requirements
- Collect and record data store performance metrics
- Evaluate available configuration options for data store
- Implement Strategies to Improve Query Performance in Data Store
- Implement data access patterns that utilize caching
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- Understand how networking impacts performance
- Evaluate available networking features
- Choose appropriate dedicated connectivity or VPN for your workload
- Use load balancing to distribute traffic across multiple resources
- Choose network protocols to improve performance
- Choose your workload's location based on network requirements
- Optimize network configuration based on metrics
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- Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure workload health and performance
- Use monitoring solutions to understand the areas where performance is most critical
- Define a process to improve workload performance
- Review metrics at regular intervals
- Load test your workload
- Use automation to proactively remediate performance-related issues
- Keep your workload and services up-to-date
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Sustainability
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- Scale workload infrastructure dynamically
- Align SLAs with sustainability goals
- Optimize geographic placement of workloads based on their networking requirements
- Stop the creation and maintenance of unused assets
- Optimize team member resources for activities performed
- Implement buffering or throttling to flatten the demand curve
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- Optimize software and architecture for asynchronous and scheduled jobs
- Remove or refactor workload components with low or no use
- Optimize areas of code that consume the most time or resources
- Optimize impact on devices and equipment
- Use software patterns and architectures that best support data access and storage patterns
- Remove unneeded or redundant data
- Use technologies that support data access and storage patterns
- Use policies to manage the lifecycle of your datasets
- Use shared file systems or storage to access common data
- Back up data only when difficult to recreate
- Use elasticity and automation to expand block storage or file system
- Minimize data movement across networks
- Implement a data classification policy
- Remove unneeded or redundant data
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- Articles coming soon
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Review and analyze this workload regularly
PostedDecember 20, 2024
UpdatedMarch 21, 2025
ByKevin McCaffrey
As AWS continuously introduces new services and enhancements, it is crucial to regularly assess your existing architectures. This practice ensures that your solutions remain financially viable while optimizing resource utilization and operational efficiency.
Best Practices
Regular Workload Reviews for Cost Optimization
- Schedule periodic reviews: Establish a routine (e.g., quarterly or bi-annually) for reviewing existing workloads to ensure optimal cost efficiency is achieved.
- Utilize AWS Cost Explorer: Leverage AWS Cost Explorer to analyze costs associated with current services and identify trends or anomalies that signal areas for potential savings.
- Stay informed on AWS service updates: Regularly check AWS announcements for new services and features that can provide cost-effective alternatives to existing solutions.
- Engage in benchmarking: Compare the performance and costs of your existing services against newly available AWS offerings to assess potential improvements.
- Document changes: Maintain clear documentation of any architectural changes made as a result of these reviews to track improvements in cost efficiency.
- Involve stakeholders: Collaborate with engineers and financial teams to gather diverse perspectives on workload performance and cost implications.
Questions to ask your team
- How often do you review your current workloads for potential optimizations?
- What metrics do you use to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of existing services?
- Have you identified any recent AWS service releases that could benefit your architecture?
- How do you keep track of new AWS services and features that could optimize costs?
- Do you have a process in place to assess the impact of adopting new AWS services on your existing workloads?
Who should be doing this?
Cloud Architect
- Lead the review of existing workloads to assess cost efficiency.
- Identify and evaluate new AWS services and features relevant to current workloads.
- Conduct cost analysis and modeling for proposed changes.
- Prepare recommendations for adopting new services or re-architecting existing solutions.
Cost Analyst
- Monitor cloud spend and performance metrics to identify cost-saving opportunities.
- Support the evaluation of new services by providing data and insights.
- Assist in generating cost reports and analyses for decision-making.
- Collaborate with stakeholders to align cost optimization efforts with business goals.
DevOps Engineer
- Implement and manage new AWS services as directed by the architectural recommendations.
- Ensure workload deployments are aligned with cost optimization best practices.
- Automate processes to improve efficiency and reduce costs wherever possible.
- Provide technical insights during the evaluation of new services.
Product Owner
- Prioritize cost optimization initiatives in the product backlog.
- Facilitate discussions with stakeholders about the benefits and trade-offs of adopting new services.
- Ensure alignment between new services and the overall product strategy.
- Review feedback from the team on existing workloads to foster continuous improvement.
What evidence shows this is happening in your organization?
- Cost Optimization Review Checklist: A structured checklist to guide teams in regularly reviewing workloads, identifying opportunities for service improvement, and ensuring cost efficiency by adopting new AWS services.
- Workload Evaluation Report Template: A template for generating periodic reports that assess current workloads, highlight potential new services, and recommend architectural changes for cost savings.
- Cost Monitoring Dashboard: An interactive dashboard that provides insights into current AWS service usage, costs, and identifies areas where new services could enhance cost efficiency.
- Regular Evaluation Strategy Guide: A guide outlining best practices for evaluating AWS services, setting timelines for regular reviews, and strategies for re-architecting workloads for optimized costs.
- Service Adoption Policy: A formal policy that outlines the process for reviewing and adopting new AWS services, ensuring that cost efficiency is a key consideration in architectural decisions.
Cloud Services
AWS
- AWS Cost Explorer: A tool that allows you to visualize, understand, and manage your AWS costs and usage over time, helping you identify cost-saving opportunities.
- AWS Budgets: Allows you to set custom cost and usage budgets that alert you when your costs exceed your defined thresholds, which helps in monitoring workloads for cost effectiveness.
- AWS Trusted Advisor: Provides real-time guidance to help you provision your resources following AWS best practices, including cost optimizations.
Azure
- Azure Cost Management and Billing: Helps you understand your Azure spending by analyzing costs and usage, providing insights to optimize costs associated with your workloads.
- Azure Advisor: Offers personalized best practices to optimize your Azure resources, including cost savings and performance improvement recommendations.
Google Cloud Platform
- Google Cloud Billing Reports: Provides detailed insights into your expenditures on Google Cloud services to aid in identifying areas for cost optimization.
- Google Cloud Ops Suite: Helps you monitor and manage performance, usage, and cost, allowing you to identify opportunities for cost efficacy in your workloads.
Question: How do you evaluate new services?
Pillar: Cost Optimization (Code: COST)
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